Frank da Cruz
fdc@columbia.edu
5 August 2025
Languages: 59 (see above) Pages with translations: 79 (see list below) Total translations: 849 Guidelines for translators
Anyone who would like to translate any of the pages at any of these sites into a new language is welcome to do so. Normally the translation is hosted at the translator's site and linked to from the original page, as in this example, which has the language buttons on top and table of translation credits at the end.If you would like to translate a page to a new language, send me email at the address above. Guidelines: § Check the page you want to translate to make sure it hasn't already been translated into the same language. § Translations should be done by a competent speaker of the given language, not Google Translate. § The translated document should be in standard HTML (not Microsoft Word or other proprietary format). § The link to the translated document should arrive at it directly, without any intermedediate steps such as signing in to Google or Facebook. § If the original page contains references (to books or other websites), these do not need to be translated. § It's OK to request linking to a commercial site, but please: no phishing or other hostile sites, no porn, no aggressive popups, etc. § There is no charge for installing the links and credits, and no money can be paid for the translations. § Your translated page should link back to the original page. § Your translated page should announce its language in the <lang=xx> attribute, where xx is the ISO 6391-1 language code (see list). § You should supply the following information about your translation so I can link to it:
* Also in native script if applicable, e.g. Cyrillic, Chinese, Arabic, etc (coded in UTF8).
- Name of language
- Link to your translation
- Name of translator*
- Translator's organization or company
(and let me know if you want me to include rel="nofollow" in the link)See this example. Item 3 is optional if item 4 is included, and vice versa. Items 3 and 4 can also include links, e.g. to a personal page or company page.
If you want to translate a page but you don't have anywhere to host the translation, I'll be glad to host it myself.
Pages that have been translated as of the "updated" date above are shown in the table below. Click each link to see the languages each page has been translated to so far. Click a language name at the top to see which pages have been translated into that language. In the table, entries with green backgrounds have translations; if you click on the link in the first column, you'll see language buttons at the top of the page. Entries in italics with yellow backgrounds are popular pages that have no translations yet.
Index to pages
Disclaimer: Links to sites that host translations, which are in various countries governed by different laws, do not imply an endorsement of the site itself. The translations should be safe to visit but, as always, use caution when exploring unfamiliar sites. Also, note that the linked-to pages can disappear or change into something else at any time. If you notice a link that does not work, or that ends up at some page that is not a translation of the page you're visiting, please let me know by email.
Background color key:Column headingsSubheadingPage with translationsNo translations yet
kermitproject.org/: The Kermit Communications Software Project Page and link Title Topic index.html Kermit Project home page Overview and links to individual pages kermit.html About Kermit The Kermit Project, sofware, and protocol. whatsnew.html Kermit Project timeline 1981-present ckdaily.html C-Kermit edit history 2010-present ck90.html C-Kermit 9.0 For Unix, VMS, and other OS's k95.html Kermit 95 for Windows 95 and later Terminal emulation, file transfer, networking, scripting ckscripts.html The C-Kermit script language Portable among Unix, VMS, Macintosh, Windows ftpclient.html Kermit's scriptable FTP client For Unix, Windows, and other platforms ek.html Embedded Kermit Kermit software for embedding sshclient.html Kermit 95's built-in SSH Client Detailed documention for configuration and use usingckermit.html Using C-Kermit Second Edition About the C-Kermit book terminals.html What's a Terminal? What terminal emulators emulate case08.html C-Kermit 7.0 Case Study 8 Kermit and Unicode case09.html C-Kermit 7.0 Case Study 9 Printing from C-Kermit ussr/index.html USSR Kermit Conference International Kermit conference Moscow USSR 1989
columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/: The History of Computing at Columbia UniversityPage and link Title Topic Herman Hollerith (also see Punched-card equipment below) hollerith profile.html Herman Hollerith The father of modern automated computing hh/index.html An Electric Tabulating System Hollerith's Columbia PhD Dissertation (1890 Census) ppunch1919.html Hollerith Pantographic card punch The first card punch (1890 census) IBM Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University 1945-1970 watsonlab.html Watson Laboratory Brief overview of Watson Laboratory krawitz.html Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory 1949 article by Eleanor Krawitz Wallace Eckert eckert.html Wallace Eckert Pioneer in automated scientific computation switch.html Eckert's switch box The first automated scientific calculations 1934 navalobservatory.html Wallace Eckert in WWII Eckert's time at the US Naval Observatory almanac.html Naval Observatory Almanacs Automating the WWII Air and Nautical Almanacs tableprinter.html Table printer The first "computer typesetting" 1945 Other Watson Lab personalities backus.html John Backus Pioneer in computer programming languages grosch.html Herb Grosch Computer pioneer and commentator course.html Eric Hankam's 3-Week Course on Computing Pioneering open-enrollment computer course 1947-1957 jones.html Rebecca Jones Eckert's Star Measuring Machine Early computers eniac.html ENIAC (1946) How ENIAC was programmed mainly by women ssec.html IBM SSEC (1948) Massive computer built at Watson Lab cpc.html IBM Card Programmed Calculator (1949) IBM's first card-programmed commercial offering norc.html IBM NORC (1954) The first supercomputer, built at Watson Lab Punched-card equipment jacquard.html The Jacquard Loom (1804) Controlled by punched cards census-tabulator.html Hollerith's 1890 Census tabulator The first tabulator firstpunch.html The first card punch Pantographic card punch - 1890 and 1900 censuses oldpunch.html Old card punches 1890-1934 026.html IBM 026 key punch Introduced in 1949 029.html IBM 029 key punch Introduced in 1964 reproducers.html IBM Summary punches To extract selected information from a deck of cards cards.html IBM punch cards The version used starting in 1928 plugboard.html Plugboards Programming by wiring panel packard.html The Columbia Difference Calculator (1931) Custom-made by IBM for Columbia tabulators.html IBM tabulators (Accounting Machines) Precursors to modern computers sorters.html IBM card sorters To put decks of punched cards in any desired order collators.html IBM card collators To merge decks of punched cards interpreters.html IBM card interpreters To print interpretation of punched codes on card 405.html IBM 405 Tabulator Introduced in 1934, served in World War II 407.html The IBM 407 (1949) IBM's last tabulator Other... generations.html Generations 1st, 2nd, 3rd (etc) generations of computers teletype/index.html Teletype machines The first electronic alphanumeric printing communicator ibmradiotype.html IBM Radiotype Short-wave radio typewriter and its role in World War II m1-ibmlogo.html WWII M1 rifles made by IBM More than 300,000 of them pupin.html Columbia Pupin Hall (physics building) Where the WWII Manhattan Project started simon.html Simon "The Smallest Mechanical Brain in Existence" (1950) 610.html IBM 610 Auto-Point (1954) The first personal computer, also built at Watson Lab 650.html IBM 650 MDC (1954) The first mass-produced computer 1401.html IBM 1401 IBM's first affordable general-purpose computer 1410.html IBM 1410 IBM's first computer with disk storage 1620.html IBM 1620 Small computer with core memory core.html Core memory The first solid-state memory 704.html The IBM 704 First IBM computer with core memory 7040.html IBM 7040 mainframe 1963 Installed at Columbia in 1965 7090.html IBM 7090, announced in 1958 One of Columbia's main computers 1963-68 7094.html IBM 7094 36-bit mainframe Mid 1960s 36091.html IBM 360/75/91 coupled system Columbia's main computer 1968-1980 1403.html IBM 1403 line printer Biggest fastest high-volume printer of its time chain.html IBM 1403 print train Novel print mechanism of the 1403 cudec20.html The DECSYSTEM-20 CU's academic computers 1977-88 (with photos) dec20.html The DECSYSTEM-20 CU's academic computers 1977-88 (long narrative) IBM 5100 IBM 5100 Early IBM desktop computer cs9000.html IBM CS9000 IBM desktop laboratory computer ibmpc.html The IBM PC The PC that took over the world in 1981 portable.html IBM Portable PC 1984 (30 pounds!) Required equipment for all Business School students pclab.html Columbia's first PC lab Engineering Terrace 1986 cpemc.html Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center Pioneering work in electronic music
kermitproject.org/newdeal/: The New Deal in New York CityPage and link Title Topic index.html NYC New Deal Home Page Links to NYC New Deal galleries and research overview.html NYC New Deal overview FDR's New Deal and what it did in New York City newnewdeal.html Now or Never: a NEW New Deal How to save the USA from self-destruction
Columbia University 1968 student uprisingPage and link Title Topic index.html Columbia University 1968 The anti-war anti-racism student uprising, April 1968